Benjamin v Lemedeket & 6 others (Petition E207 of 2022) [2025] KEELRC 2125 (KLR)
The bottom line
#Kenya's Employment Court refused to jail a police official for contempt, ruling contempt must be proven beyond reasonable doubt and declarations were not directed at her personally.
What this practically means
#Executive summary
#Key legal issues
#Elements and standard of proof for civil contempt
The Mutitika/Mweru four-element test applies and was not disputed; contempt, being criminal in nature, must be proved beyond reasonable doubt, which the applicant failed to do
The court adopted the test from Samuel MN Mweru v National Land Commission: the terms of the order must be clear, the respondent must know them, must breach them, and the breach must be deliberate. The court acknowledged the contemnor's knowledge of the declarations but found the office she holds is distinct from the impugned PAS office, so no breach of the judgment was proved, and the criminal standard of beyond reasonable doubt was not met.
Whether the office of Secretary, Administration/Accounting Officer is the impugned office
It is a distinct office from the nullified Principal Administrative Secretary position, though it too is not statutorily ranked and scheduled
The court found the cited person holds an office that is not statutorily ranked or scheduled in the National Police Service Act and which was not the impugned office in the judgment. The respondents showed the Gazette Notice creating PAS was withdrawn and the PAS position never revived. Her appointment as Secretary Administration was a distinct appointment by the NPSC. Because she did not place herself in the new position, contempt against her personally fails; the primary duty bearers would be the appointing authorities.
Nature of the declarations on the accounting officer of the National Police Service
The declarations were in rem, defining the proper accounting officer, and were not directed at the 52nd interested party
The judgment of July 25, 2023 declared the Inspector General the designated Accounting Officer under article 245 and sections 2(1), 67 and 68 of the Public Finance Management Act, assisted by the two DIGs and the DCI Director. The court held such declaratory orders define institutional terms rather than command a named individual, so no personal disobedience by the contemnor could be established.
Civilians in the National Police Service and section 124 of the National Police Service Act
The National Police Service is composed only of scheduled ranked officers; regulations on 'civilian staff' can only mean recruitment of civilians into scheduled ranks, and any regulations creating civilian offices would be moribund or vestigial
The court refrained from determining the section 124 issue as a new cause of action but reaffirmed its earlier holding that no civilian establishment exists in the Service. It clarified that the Commission's power to make regulations for employing civilian staff can only be construed as governing entry of civilians into the scheduled ranks, whether at entry points or horizontal entry with professional or technical qualifications, since no constitutional or statutory power exists to create civilian offices.
Whether the NPSC was in contempt
Whether the 4th respondent was in contempt does not arise for determination in the application
The court held that the issue of the NPSC's own contempt was not an issue in the application as framed. The Commission was only enjoined as 4th respondent for purposes of the contempt application, and the court considered it now properly guided as to the province of its powers regarding establishment and abolition of offices.
Legal principles established
#- To succeed in civil contempt, the applicant must prove the terms of the order, knowledge of those terms, breach, and that the breach was deliberate; wilfulness and bad faith are then normally inferred
- Contempt proceedings are criminal in nature and must be proved beyond reasonable doubt
- The National Police Service is composed only of statutorily scheduled ranked officers and no civilian offices may exist within it; ranks can only be changed by the Cabinet Secretary on the advice of the NPSC by Gazette order
- Declaratory orders in rem defining the proper accounting officer are not directed at any individual and do not ground personal contempt
Court orders
#- 1.The declaration that parties to the application are bound and accordingly guided by the clarifications and findings in this ruling
- 2.Each party to bear own costs of the application
- Jurisdiction invoked
- Section 5(1) of the Judicature Act (Cap 8), Order 52 rule 2(2) of the Rules of the Supreme Court of England 1965, sections 6(c) and 28 of the Contempt of Court Act No 46 of 2016, and sections 3A, 1A, 1B and 63(c) and (e) of the Civil Procedure Act (Cap 21)
Key timeline
#Practical implications
#Frequently asked questions
#Cite this brief
#Cite this brief
Caselaw, "Benjamin v Lemedeket & 6 others (Petition E207 of 2022) [2025] KEELRC 2125 (KLR)", Case Analysis (2025). Petition E207 of 2022 (Notice of Motion dated May 22, 2025). Source: https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelrc/2025/2125/eng@2025-07-17
Suggested citation format for research notes or client memos. Always verify the original judgment before relying on any point.